Zigbee国外参考书《ZigBee Wireless Networks and Transceivers》

《ZigBee Wireless Networks and Transceivers》
    Chapter 1  ZigBee Basics   ..............................................................................1
1.1  What Is ZigBee?  .........................................................................................................1
1.2  ZigBee versus Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 ................................................................2
1.3  Short-Range Wireless Networking Classes ................................................................3
1.4  The Relationship Between ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 Standards .............................4
1.5  Frequencies of Operation and Data Rates ...................................................................6
1.6 Interoperability ............................................................................................................8
1.7 Device Types ...............................................................................................................9
1.8 Device Roles ...............................................................................................................9
1.9  ZigBee Networking Topologies ................................................................................10
1.10 ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 Communication Basics .................................................12
1.10.1 CSMA-CA ..................................................................................................12
1.10.2  Beacon-Enabled vs. Nonbeacon Networking .............................................13
1.10.3  Data Transfer Methods ...............................................................................13
1.10.4 Data Verification .........................................................................................15
1.10.5 Addressing ..................................................................................................15
1.11 Association and Disassociation .................................................................................16
1.12 Binding ......................................................................................................................16
1.13  ZigBee Self-Forming and Self-Healing Characteristics ...........................................16
1.14  ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 Networking Layer Functions ........................................17
1.14.1 PHY Layer ..................................................................................................17
1.14.2 MAC Layer .................................................................................................19
1.14.3  The NWK Layer .........................................................................................21
1.14.4  The APL Layer ...........................................................................................22
1.14.5 Security .......................................................................................................22


viii   Contents
1.15 The ZigBee Gateway ................................................................................................23
1.16 ZigBee Metaphor ......................................................................................................23
References ..........................................................................................................................23
Chapter 2  ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Networking Examples ...............................25
2.1 Home Automation .....................................................................................................25
2.1.1 Security Systems ...........................................................................................25
2.1.2 Meter-Reading Systems ................................................................................26
2.1.3 Irrigation Systems .........................................................................................27
2.1.4  Light Control Systems ..................................................................................27
2.1.5  Multizone HVAC Systems ............................................................................28
2.2  Consumer Electronics: Remote Control ...................................................................29
2.3 Industrial Automation ...............................................................................................29
2.3.1  Asset Management and Personnel Tracking .................................................29
2.3.2 Livestock Tracking........................................................................................30
2.4 Healthcare .................................................................................................................31
2.5 Other Applications ....................................................................................................32
2.5.1  Hotel Guest Room Access ............................................................................32
2.5.2 Fire Extinguishers .........................................................................................32
References ..........................................................................................................................32
Chapter 3  ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 Protocol Layers ..................................33
3.1  ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4 Networking Layers .......................................................33
3.2  The IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Specifications ...................................................................34
3.2.1 Channel Assignments ...................................................................................34
3.2.2 Energy Detection ..........................................................................................36
3.2.3 Carrier Sense .................................................................................................36
3.2.4  Link Quality Indicator ..................................................................................37
3.2.5  Clear Channel Assessment ............................................................................37
3.2.6  The PHY Constants and Attributes ...............................................................38
3.2.7 PHY Services ................................................................................................39
3.2.8  The Service Primitives ..................................................................................42
3.2.9  PHY Packet Format ......................................................................................44
3.2.10 Summary of the PHY Layer Responsibilities ...............................................46
3.3  IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Layer .......................................................................................47
3.3.1  Beacon-Enabled Operation and Superframe Structure .................................48
3.3.2  The Interframe Spacing ................................................................................51
3.3.3 CSMA-CA ....................................................................................................52
3.3.4 MAC Services ...............................................................................................56
3.3.5  The MAC Frame Format ...............................................................................68
3.3.6  The MAC Promiscuous Mode of Operation .................................................78
3.3.7  Summary of the MAC Layer Responsibilities ..............................................79


Contents   ix
3.4  The ZigBee NWK Layer ...........................................................................................80
3.4.1 Broadcasting .................................................................................................81
3.4.2 Multicasting ..................................................................................................83
3.4.3 Many-to-One Communication ......................................................................85
3.4.4  Hierarchical (Tree) Topology ........................................................................86
3.4.5 Mesh Topology .............................................................................................90
3.4.6 Routing ..........................................................................................................90
3.4.7 Route Discovery ............................................................................................94
3.4.8  Route Maintenance and Repair .....................................................................97
3.4.9  The NWK Layer Data Service ......................................................................98
3.4.10 The NWK Layer Management Service ........................................................99
3.4.11 The NWK Layer Frame Formats ................................................................102
3.4.12 Summary of the NWK Layer Responsibilities ...........................................109
3.5  The APL Layer .......................................................................................................110
3.5.1  The Application Framework .......................................................................111
3.5.2  The ZigBee Device Objects ........................................................................117
3.5.3  The APS Sublayer .......................................................................................119
3.5.4  Summary of the APL Layer Responsibilities .............................................122
3.6 Security Services .....................................................................................................122
3.6.1 Encryption ...................................................................................................123
3.6.2 Authentication .............................................................................................126
3.6.3  The Auxiliary Frame Header Format ..........................................................129
3.6.4  The APS Sublayer Security Commands .....................................................130
3.6.5  Security Attack Examples ...........................................................................133
3.6.6  Summary of the Security Services ..............................................................134
References ........................................................................................................................135
Chapter 4  Transceiver Requirements .........................................................137
4.1  Typical IEEE 802.15.4 Transceiver Building Blocks .............................................137
4.2 Receiver Sensitivity ................................................................................................139
4.3   Adjacent and Alternate Channel-Jamming Resistance Tests ..................................140
4.4   The Modulation and Spreading Methods for 2.4 GHz Operation ...........................142
4.5   Modulation and Spreading Methods for 868/915 MHz Operation .........................150
4.6  Transmitter Output Power .......................................................................................155
4.6.1  Power Spectral Density Limits ...................................................................156
4.6.2  Transmit Power Adjustment .......................................................................156
4.7  Error Vector Magnitude ..........................................................................................157
4.8 Symbol Timing .......................................................................................................158
4.9  Frequency Offset Tolerance ....................................................................................158
4.10 Turnaround Time.....................................................................................................158
4.11 Crystal Selection Considerations ............................................................................159
4.11.1 Safety Factor .............................................................................................161
4.11.2 Drive Level ................................................................................................162


x   Contents
4.11.3  Series versus Parallel Resonant Crystals ..................................................163
4.11.4  Crystal Frequency Tolerance ....................................................................163
4.11.5 Crystal Aging ............................................................................................163
4.11.6 Crystal Pullability .....................................................................................163
4.11.7 Crystal Overtones......................................................................................164
4.12 Analog-to-Digital Converters ..................................................................................165
References ........................................................................................................................169
Chapter 5  RF Propagation, Antennas, and Regulatory Requirements ............171
5.1 Path Loss .................................................................................................................171
5.2 Signal Wavelength ..................................................................................................174
5.3 Signal Penetration ...................................................................................................174
5.4  Reflection, Scattering, and Diffraction ...................................................................176
5.5 Multipath Environment ...........................................................................................177
5.5.1  Multipath-Induced Additional Random Phase ...........................................179
5.5.2 Multipath Null .............................................................................................179
5.5.3  Fading Channel and Fade Margin ...............................................................180
5.5.4  Effect of Frequency Channel on Multipath Performance ...........................180
5.5.5  Effect of Signal Spreading on Multipath Performance ...............................180
5.5.6  Mesh Networking to Improve Multipath Performance ...............................181
5.6  Doppler Frequency Shift .........................................................................................181
5.7 Site Survey ..............................................................................................................183
5.8 Range Estimation ....................................................................................................184
5.8.1  Range Improvement Techniques .................................................................184
5.9  Antenna Selection Considerations ..........................................................................187
5.9.1 Antenna Gain ..............................................................................................188
5.9.2  Antenna Radiation Pattern Graphs..............................................................189
5.9.3  Antenna Radiation Efficiency .....................................................................190
5.9.4 Antenna Impedance ....................................................................................190
5.9.5  Power Transfer Efficiency ..........................................................................191
5.9.6 Antenna Tuning...........................................................................................193
5.9.7 Antenna Polarization ...................................................................................193
5.9.8 Antenna Options .........................................................................................194
5.10 Regulatory Requirements ........................................................................................200
5.10.1  Brief Overview of FCC Regulations .........................................................201
5.10.2  FCC Certification of Compliance .............................................................202
5.10.3  Brief Overview of European Regulations .................................................203
5.10.4  CE Conformity Marking ...........................................................................203
5.10.5  Brief Overview of Japanese Regulations ..................................................204
5.10.6  Japan’s Conformity Certification System .................................................205
References ........................................................................................................................205


Contents   xi
Chapter 6  Battery Life Analysis ................................................................207
6.1  Battery Discharge Characteristics ...........................................................................207
6.2  A Simple Battery Life Calculation Method ............................................................208
6.3 Battery Monitoring ..................................................................................................210
6.4  Power Reduction Methods ......................................................................................211
6.4.1 Hardware-Level Considerations .................................................................211
6.4.2  Network Operation Efficiency ....................................................................214
6.4.3 Energy-Efficient Routing ............................................................................216
6.5 Buck Converters ......................................................................................................222
References ........................................................................................................................223
Chapter 7  Location Estimation Methods ....................................................225
7.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................225
7.2  Received Signal Strength-Based Locationing Algorithms .....................................229
7.2.1  RSSI-Based Location Estimation Using Trilateration ................................230
7.2.2  Sources of Error in RSSI-Based Location Estimation ................................233
7.2.3  Location Estimation Based on Location Fingerprinting .............................235
7.2.4  Cooperative Location Estimation ...............................................................241
7.3 Angle-of-Arrival-Based Algorithms .......................................................................242
7.4  Time-Based Algorithms (ToA and TDoA) .............................................................243
7.5  The Computational Complexity ..............................................................................245
References ........................................................................................................................246
Chapter 8  ZigBee Coexistence ..................................................................247
8.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................247
8.2  ZigBee Noncollaborative Coexistence Mechanisms ..............................................249
8.2.1  CSMA/CA Channel Access ........................................................................250
8.2.2  Extremely Low Duty Cycle ........................................................................250
8.2.3 Signal Spreading .........................................................................................250
8.2.4  Dynamic RF Output Power Selection .........................................................251
8.2.5  Mesh Networking and Location-Aware Routing ........................................251
8.2.6  Adjacent and Alternate Channel Performance ............................................252
8.2.7  Frequency Channel Selection .....................................................................252
8.2.8  Adaptive Packet Length Selection ..............................................................252
8.3  Coexistence with IEEE 802.11b/g ..........................................................................252
8.4  Coexistence with Bluetooth ....................................................................................256
8.5  Coexistence with Microwave Ovens .......................................................................257
8.6  Coexistence with Cordless Phones .........................................................................258
References ........................................................................................................................259
Chapter 9  Related Technologies ................................................................261
9.1  IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 (6LoWPAN) ...................................................................261
9.2 WirelessHART ........................................................................................................263

xii   Contents
9.3 Z-wave.....................................................................................................................265
9.4  Ultra-Low-Power Bluetooth (Wibree) ....................................................................266
9.5 TinyOS ....................................................................................................................267
References ........................................................................................................................268
Appendix A  PSSS Code Tables ..................................................................269
A.1  PSSS Code Tables ..................................................................................................269
Appendix B  ZigBee Device Profile Services .................................................273
Appendix C  DSSS Symbol-to-Chip Mapping Tables .....................................283
Appendix D  ZigBee-Pro/2007 ..................................................................285
D.1 Frequency Agility ..................................................................................................286
D.2 Address Allocation .................................................................................................286
D.3 Security ..................................................................................................................286
D.4 Routing ...................................................................................................................287
D.5  Fragmentation and Reassembly .............................................................................289
References ........................................................................................................................289
Appendix E  Transceiver Building Blocks .....................................................291
E.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................291
E.2  Receiver Chain Building Blocks ............................................................................291
E.2.1 LNA ............................................................................................................293
E.2.2 Mixer ..........................................................................................................294
E.2.3  Base-Band Filter and AGC ........................................................................295
E.2.4  DC Offset Correction .................................................................................297
E.2.5  Analog to Digital Converter .......................................................................300
E.2.6  Receiver Digital Baseband .........................................................................300
E.3  Transmitter Chain Building Blocks ........................................................................301
E.3.1 PSM ............................................................................................................301
E.3.2 PA ...............................................................................................................304
E.4 Frequency Generation ............................................................................................307
E.5 Power Management ................................................................................................315
E.6 Microcontrollers .....................................................................................................317
E.6.1 ARM...........................................................................................................318
E.6.2 HC(S)08 .....................................................................................................318
E.6.3 8051 ............................................................................................................318
E.7 Interfaces ................................................................................................................319
E.7.1 SPI ..............................................................................................................319
2
S ...............................................................................................................320
E.7.2 I


Contents   xiii
E.7.3  JTAG Boundary Scan Interface ..................................................................320
E.7.4 Nexus .........................................................................................................321
E.8 Packaging ...............................................................................................................321
E.8.1  QFP and QFN Packages .............................................................................322
E.8.2  BGA and LGA Packages ...........................................................................323
References ........................................................................................................................324
Glossary ...................................................................................................325
Index ........................................................................................................329